Assess Contribution of Ngos to the Community

Introduction This chapter introduces the background of the problem, objective of the study, statement of the problem, research questions and significant of the study. 1. 0 Background of the Studies According to World bank, NGO’s are defined as private organizations that pursue activities to relieves suffering, promote the interest of the poor, protect the environment, provides basic social services, or undertake community developments( World Bank criteria defining NGO,2007). Historically, Non-Governmental Organization at international level have a history dating back to at least 1839.It have been estimated that by 1914 there were 1098 NGO’s. The international Ngo’s were important in the anti slavery movement and the movement of women suffrage, and reached peak at the time of world disarmament conference. Non Governmental Organization only comes into popular use with the establishment of United Nation Organization in 1994 with the provisions in the article 71 of c hapter 10 of the United Nations chapter for consultative role of organizations which are neither government nor member state. Davis, 2007). The vital role of NGOs in sustainable development was recognized in the chapter 27 of agenda 21 in the UN conference, In the 20th century during the establishment of globalization the importance of NGO’s was recognized, where many problems could not be solved within a nation, Hence NGO’s have developed to emphasize Humanitarian issues, development aids and sustainable development (Howell, 2000). According to World Bank, There two purposes of NGO are operational and advocacy .Operational is the primary purpose of NGO’s . Primary purpose of NGO’s to design the implementation of development related projects, Example Community Based Organization. The primary purpose of Advocacy NGO’s is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise aw areness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying press work and activist event (Wikipedia, 2011).Non Government Organization has been an engine towards improving the living standard of the people, since not all the problem could be solved within the nation tracing back the Tanzanian history, since 1961, Tanzania has been at war against three development enemies such as ignorance, poverty and diseases. However in 1996 the overall policy has included special forms of poverty reduction in additions to measures to sustain sound macro economic levels (URT, 2007). The progress of minimizing three enemies is mixed, towards achieving development of the community.Indicators in measuring development are range, others show sign of improvement, and others remain the same while others get worse. Many disparities still exist such as gap between the poor and rich, the bridge between urban and rural, female and male, able and disabled. It is also clear that children, youth, and the elderly and people with disabilities have their own problem especially poverty that all problems are felt at different extent in different parts of the country, Hence Low living standard is inevitable (chambers, 1983). One of the indicators of the standard of living is health. In 1990, the health situation in Tanzania was mixed.Diseases like tuberculosis among elderly, youth, youth and children increased, The availability of drugs were scarce, many people in rural areas were have to travel to distance for the health facilities and get many drugs were very expensive for the poor to afford. For stance 90% of the children’s’ deaths in local communities and some urban areas are due to preventable causes (National Strategy of Growth and Reduction of Poverty, 2005). Education is also among the major aspect of living standard of the community. Several tactics, programs, have been enrolled in the improvement of education situation in Tanzania.Despite the improvement of enrollment in education co nsiderably in the last five years in 2004, as the results of primary education development Program(PESP), still many problems and challenges are inevitable, such as shortage of text books desks, chairs, teachers, latrines holes and teachers houses remarkably wanted in primary schools, especially in rural areas. Moreover the edges of poverty torn the education situation in Tanzania. in most student in Rural areas passes primary education but there were no room to accommodate them. Also, others lack school uniforms and tuition fees due to hardship of the economy that parents are facing. NSGRP, 2005). Living standard of Tanzanian and African at large depends on agriculture as the economy backborn. 45% of Agriculture contributes in the GDP and 60% of the of the export earnings in the year. Still the living standard of many people are low, since they produce for consumption and practice poor farming methods that result to low harvest (NSGRP,2005). Non Government Organizations play vital remarkable roles in improving the living standard of people among the local communities in Tanzania. NGO’s are involved in a very diverse range of human activities and human influence on the environment.These strata of societies they are involved at, children and youth, conflict resolution, education, health and nutrition, human rights and relief services. (Wikipedia, 2011). The effectiveness of Non government Organization in improving the living standard of people has been achieved at some extent. In a case of Moshono, in Arusha, the international organization called World Vision, Intervene in that society with efforts to eradicate poverty and bring about good living standard among the people in the society The intervention of WV in the Moshono ADP has brought positive impact toward the society.Through ADP many project such as water projects, education projects, environmental projects and agriculture projects(including livestock arming and beekeeping) are undertaken so as to solve socio-economic problems in Moshono, and hence improve their living standards at large extent. Before intervention World vision as any NGO, observe the political admistration of the area, population size, poverty, socio-economic available, commitment of the local leaders . World vision use sustainable livelihood approach ( Moshono ADP, 2007). 2. 0 Statement of the problemThe effectiveness of NGOs in improving the living standard of local communities has brought a significance results to various communities towards poverty alleviation. Poverty is the major problem facing the societies that means they are characterized with endless lack of the resources, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of the living standard (Maccihato, 2009). The World Bank notes that â€Å"the incidence of poverty in the world is higher than past estimates have suggested that 1. 4 billion people live under poverty line.In Sub Saharan African Growth and Economic performances over the pa st two decade have been described in recent scholarly writings as â€Å"tragic† (The World Bank Economic review, 2000). There are various ways which will help to reduce and eradicate poverty improve the living standard of the people such as support provision of social services, example education, water, infrastructure mobilization of people for collective action such as development projects, provision of soft loans to individuals through Non Government Organizations, Particularly in the case of Moshono ADP under World Vision is concerned with the improvement f local community living standard through its various projects such as water supply project, primary school classrooms construction, health care projects, have been established to eradicate poverty in the area and the life of many have been improved (Moshono ADP, 2010). In this context there are various things which will be examined to measure effectiveness of NGO’s in improving the living standard of people.The cr ucial aspect will be identifying how NGO are supporting local community, where there are various measures done by NGO to contribute towards alleviation of poverty such as reduced illiteracy rate, improved farm fertility, improved supply of safe and clean water, improved health services, increased individual and household income. ( Moshono ADP, 2007). 3. 0 Objectives of Studies 3. 1 General Objective To assess the contribution of NGO in improving the living standard of the local communities. 3. 2 Specific Objectives 1.To identify how NGO’s are supporting community welfare. 2. To find out how the assistance provided to the local communities has positively affected their living condition. 3. Challenges that NGO’s face in improving the living standard of the people. 4. 0 Research Question 1. What support does NGO provided Moshono ADP? 2. To what extent does the Moshono ADP contributes in changing the living standard of local communities? 3. What are the problems faced by t he NGO in improving the living standard of Moshono people at Moshono ADP? 5. Significance of the Study 1. The study will be resourcefully to the areas of development program as it will provide data and various relevant information and improving social and economic activities for sustainable development and effective intervention. 2. Also, the study will be instrumental to policy maker’s institution, economic planners and other NGOs with mission of improving the economic and social status of the local communities because it will act as a self evaluation instrument. CHAPTER TWO 6. 0 Literature review IntroductionThis chapter shows contribution of different authors and documents on the research topic. It emphasizes the views, theories principles and polices given out by individuals’ organizations, agencies, the government and group on the research topic. 6. 1 Theoretical Review Non Government Organization play a vital role to promote the living standard of the local commu nities, the major important of the NGO’s increases â€Å"social capital† by providing people with opportunities to build trust in each other and capacity to work together towards common goal.NGO’s promote pluralism, diversity, and tolerance in society while protecting and strengthening cultural ethics, religious, linguistic and other identities. Moreover, NGO’s advances science and thought develop culture and arts develop culture and arts, protect environment and support activities concerning civil societies, NGO’s is a facilitator of citizen through it advocacy and operational mission as classified with World Bank (ICE, 2002). NGO’s mainly are doing to encourage socio-economic development and the community at large in less developed countries particularly in Tanzania (UN human Development report, 2000).There are various indicators that an organization may be labeled an NGO if it ha four characteristics identified by the commonwealth foundat ion, a London based NGO group. These characteristics are the guidelines for the good practices of NGO’s. These characteristics includes Voluntary membership, independent and autonomy where NGO’s are independent within the laws of society and owned by the members and controlled by board elected from members, Non-for-profit, NGO’s are not for private personal gains, but NGO’s may involve in income generating activities for pursuing organization mission.Another indicator for the good performance NGO’s should not self-serving in aims and related value, The aims of NGO’s is to improve the circumstances and prospects of people and to act on concern on issues detrimental to wellbeing and peoples prosperity (Commonwealth Foundation, 1995). NGO’s have indirect and direct relationship in the content of poverty. This is because of the purposes of the NGO’s and their nature to fight against poverty. According to the president of the Egypt where he rgue that NGO’s have rendered a great efforts in poverty eradication not only in Egypt but also in sub Saharan nations, He further stated â€Å"There can be hope only for society which act as one big family and not as many separate one† ( Sadat 1981). NGO’s provides humanitarian aids example food during natural calamities all over the world, protects children and youth, conflict resolution, education, environmental, human rights, relief services (Wikipedia,2010).In the context of poverty an NGO, example World Vision a case of Moshono ADP, this organization has rendered great significant efforts in improving the living standard of Moshono people through the provision of clean and safe water, improve health situation, cars for orphans, Build classrooms and hospitals, this contributes a lot to poverty alleviation. (Moshono ADP). Standard of Living is a level of material comfort that an individual or group aspires to or may achieve.Standard of living is mea sured by various indicators, Example life expectance, access to nutrition foods, safe and clean water supply, and availability of medical assistances. (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 2000). 6. 2 Empirical Review According to Anup (2001) in his research on â€Å"poverty facts and stats on Global issues†22,000 children die each day die to poverty and they die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the concise of the world.Being weak and weak in life make this dying multitudes even more invisible in death. Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunned. The two regions that accounts for deficit are South Asia and Sub –Saharan African. If the current trends continue the millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) target having the proportional of underweight children will be mused by 30 million children. Largely because or low progress in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Af rica.According to Sachs(2005) ,UN project on the research â€Å"Ending African’s poverty trap†, The thirty three Sub- Saharan countries on which this study focuses had a combine population of 617 million in 2001 with the population heightened average annual income of $271 per person or a mere 74 percent a day. Every county in Sub-Saharan is a low income country according to world bank country classification, At least only four countries (Angola, Cameroon, and Congo) with income per capital $500 because their oil exporters and only cote d’ ivory which is currently vertiginous political nd economic crisis, is a non oil exporter. Sub-Sahara countries have a life expectancy at birth below 60 years and in all but Ghana. Madagascar and Sudan life expectancy at birth is below 55 years. Child mortality rates (Death before the age of five (5) per 1000 live births) are above in every Sub-Saharan countries. According to (Mbelle, 2003) in their research on poverty alleviati on (school enrollment performances and access to education in Tanzania) the decision to invest in education is guided by cost benefit consideration.At the Micro level the question whether education contributes to economic growth and how this contribution of physical capital becomes a paramount importance. Demand fof education by individual and household needs to be sustained at high level if access is to improve. This can be achieved through empowering individuals and households economically. Maintaining macro economic stability and perusing pro-poor expenditure are keys in reducing the general level of raising the level of demand for education at both individual and household level.The gap is identified on where the NGO’s operating in local communities found to face various problems that can possibly hinder their efficiency and effectiveness in supporting local development. It is doubtful, however other studies shows that the NGO’s have a lot to contributes in eradica ting poverty, in local communities. Basing on such theoretical contradiction makes the need to go through findings and analyzing the facts on the extent to which NGO’s have been supportive agent to the local are as development and eradicating poverty in the area they operates. CHAPTER THREE 7. Research methodology 7. 1 Research Design Is the logic that link the data to be collected (and the conclusion to be drawn) to the initial question of a study. Research design addresses the planning of scientific enquiry that is, designing a strategy for finding out something (Kothari, 2004). The descriptive study will be employed to portray accurate information since the research is concerned with issues related to social development studies. 2. Description of the Study Area. This study will be done in Arusha Region with a case study of Moshono ADP in Arumeru district council.The economic activities in Moshono ADP are mainly farming and livestock. This is the sample for the Non governme ntal Organizations in assessing their effectiveness in improving the living standard of the local communities in Tanzania. Therefore, From Moshono ADP enough information can be accumulated which will represent the whole population.. 7. 3 Data Collection The data will be collected by using different instrument/methods. There will be both primary and secondary data collection (document review) primary information shall be collected by using interviews, questionnaires and observations. 1. Type of Data.Both primary and secondary data will be collected from the field. Where by the primary data will be obtained from respondent directly though questionnaire and interviews as well as observation while Secondary data will be obtained from documents that contains relevant information about the study. 2. Sources of Data. Both primary and secondary data will be used as sources of data in this study. 7. 3. 2. 1 Primary Data These are new data which will be gathered to help solving the problem at hand the researcher will collect primary data from selected respondents from different groups in the entire community.Interviews, questionnaire and observation will be used to obtain primary data at Moshono ADP. 7. 3. 2. 2 Secondary Data These are data that has already existed some where; this involves reviewing of literature and documentation, document such as livelihood, gender, poverty, and social services journals and reports for the purpose of findings tangible information about the issues of living standard of local community in Tanzania and suggests possible solution for that problem. 3. Techniques of Data CollectionThe following techniques will be applied in this study 7. 3. 3. 1 Interview, This method will involve the prepared questions that a researcher administers through face to face interrogations with respondents. The researcher shall record all conversation in the interview. 7. 3. 3. 2 Questionnaire This popular method will be employed for data collection. Questionna ire will be open and closed. The researcher should use this tool to the key respondents like Moshono ADP Staffs, Community Leader and Community Member. 7. 3. 3. 3 ObservationThe resercher will use this technique of data collection. The researcher shall directly ask questions to the respondents and make physical observation of the environment. Through observation the researcher will be able to observe some of the causes, effects and measures taken by different stakeholders towards solving this problem in the study areas. 3. Sampling. Sampling is a part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of an unbiased or random subset of individual intended to yield some knowledge about population.Sample type which will be used is descriptive random sampling in order to give an equal chance to every selected sample element. Under this sampling both probability and non-probability method will be used. 1. Sampling Frame/Population Sampling frame is a list which consists of all sample units. Sample frame consist of a list of items from which sample is drown (Kothari. R, 2003) generally sample frame consist of name of respondents, total number of respondents and the sample size in percentage.Sample frame, therefore the total sample size will be 50 respondents from this units sample size will be (6) Moshono ADP staff, (2) WEOs (4) VEOs, (20) Community members (6) Teachers (6) Health worker (6) P/school student 2. Sample Size The sample will be drawn from 14 wards of Moshono division in which Moshono ADP operate the researcher select three ward randomly namely Moshono, Mlangarini and Bwawani. The sample size will be 50 respondents from different level on the community. The category and numbers of respondents who will be interviewed in this research is shown in the table 1, below. Table 1. Sample Size Distribution NO |CATEGORY |NUMBEROF RESPONDENTS |PARCENTAGES (%) | | |OF RESPONDENTS | | | |1 |WEOs |2 |4 | |2 |VEOs |4 |8 | |3 |Community Members |20 |40 | |4 |Teach ers |6 |12 | |5 |Health worker |6 |12 | |6 |ADP staff |6 |12 | |6 |P/School students |6 |12 | | |TOTAL |50 |100 | Source: Researcher’s own manipulation 7. 4. 3 Sampling TechniquesIn order to collect and acquire enough data and information from different respondents the researcher will use various techniques to capture enough information from the respondents. The researcher will use a purposive technique of sampling though random sampling technique. 5. Data Analysis Techniques The researcher will use the different techniques to analysis and manage the data such as quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques . Also the data will be presented by using of matrices, percentages, and flow diagrams. Reference: Anidah Maccahato (2001) Book in Research Relevance Poverty. )University of Mandanao. Chamber (1983) Rural Development Putting the last first, Longman Inc. New york Chronic Poverty Report (2005) [http://www. chronicpoverty. rg/page/vulnerability-cprc-s-work] Commonwealth f oundation (1995), Non Governmental Organization, Guidelines for Good policy and practice [www. peacecorpsvolonteers. org. com] Community Development Journal an Inter. Form VOL. 31 (2002) [www. undp. org] Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars. ISBN  978 9004162 58 7, [Http://enwikipedia. org/wiki/non-governmentorgarnization. au] Jude, Howell and Jenny Peace (2000) new roles and relevance; Develop NGO’s and the challenges. Kumarian Press Kothari C. R (2004), Research Methodology, Methods and techniques 2nd edition, New Age International publication. Moshono ADP, Annual Reports, 2006.NSRGP, (July, 2005)Growing out of poverty By Haki Kazi and Catalyst, Tanzania. Nepal National Development Report on poverty alleviation (2004) [www. nepal. gvt. nd] Research on poverty Alleviation. Amon Mbelle and Jovieter Katoboro (2003) [www. repoa. or. tz] Shah Anup(2001) Poverty Facts and Study on Glo bal Issues. UN, Human Development Report (2000) www. undp. org UN Project Research on Ending African Poverty Trap. Jeffrey . D. Sachs (2005) URT 2002, Tanzania Census Report World Bank Economic Review (2000). Volume 14, Number 3. World Bank Report on Poverty (1997) [www. wb. org] World vision (2004), Evaluation report of Moshono ADP [www. world vision. org]

Point of view

View â€Å"l maintain that the Ells started it all, but Gem, who was four ears my senior, said It started long before that. † (chapter 1, page 1) I know this book Is written In 1st person point of view by the words I and me. The point of view Impacts the story because you are able to experience the narrator's feelings about everything happening. Simile â€Å"†¦ Her hand was as wide as a bed slat. † (chapter 1, page 6) This example of a simile is comparing Scaloppini's hand to a bed slat.This comparison puts a vivid picture in my head of how wide her had is. Cliffhanger â€Å"Attic's arrival was the second reason I wanted to quit the game. The first reason happened the day I rolled into the Raddled front yard. Through all the headlining, quelling of nausea and Gem yelling, I had heard another sound, so low I could not have heard it from the sidewalk. Someone inside the house was laughing. † (chapter 4, page 45) This was the cliffhanger at the end of this chap ter. It describes Scout hearing Boo Raddled laugh from Inside his house.The author Is leading the audience In suspense, making us wonder what Is going to happen next. Imagery â€Å"We strolled silently down the sidewalk, listening to porch swings creaking with the weight of the neighborhood, listening to the soft night-murmurs of the grown people on our street. † (chapter 6, page 57) In my mind, I can hear the porch swings creaking and the soft night murmurs. The descriptive words used adds meaning to the text by creating suspense as well as allowing you to put sound with the picture you create in our mind.Comment â€Å"Hurry, hon.,† said Tactics. â€Å"Here's your shoes and socks. † â€Å"Stupidly, I put them on. â€Å"Is It morning? † â€Å"No It's a little after one. Hurry now† (chapter 8, page 77) When Tactics told Scout to hurry and get out of the house, at midnight, it made me worry. Many different things came to mind, like†¦ Was there a death in the family, was the house on fire, or did someone go to the emergency room. All this adds intensity to the story and has me hanging on the edge of my seat wanting to read more.Oxymoron â€Å"It was a happy cemetery (chapter 12, page 135) By adding this oxymoron In the text, it makes me realize how gross, smelly, Junky, and polluted this cemetery was. Personification â€Å"Doors slammed, engines coughed, and they were gone. † (chapter 15, page 175) This example of personification allows the reader to understand how quickly this â€Å"Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal†¦ † (chapter 20, page 233) This is an allusion because the phrase comes from The Declaration Of Independence ND when reading it, it makes you think about or picture The Declaration Of Independence being in your hand.By putting this allusion in the book it adds more meaning to the point the narrator is trying to get across and allows you to understand and read this pa rt with more meaning. Metaphor â€Å"Cecil Jacobs is a big fat hen† (chapter 29, page 307) A metaphor is described to the left because its comparing Cecil Jacobs to a big fat hen. This is a good description allowing the reader to understand exactly how fat Cecil is. Irony Tactics was right.One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Raddled porch was enough. † (chapter 31, page 321) The irony of this sentence is the children were always trying to get Boo out of his house so they could see him but later learned he was in his house watching over and protecting them. The irony adds meaning to the text because the children are finally able to realize that what Boo was doing was not harming them, in fact he was helping keep them safe.

Is the constitution effective? Essay

The United States Constitution is questioned all of the time. Disagreements about the powers of national government and the rights of states have been frequent. Combined with the separation of powers, the protection of civil liberties, and the ability to create a national identity, the Constitution cannot be considered anything else but effective. The Constitution has lasted the nation this long, and many things concerning the Constitution have been debated. But, the Constitutions effectiveness cannot be questioned. At the Philadelphia Conference, where the constitution was signed and put the final touches on, the men who created the document wanted to make sure that monarchy would never rule over anyone of the U.S. again. The founding fathers did this by creating a separation of powers, with 3 branches of government; Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. With powers separated between these branches, it would ensure that the country would never fall under tyranny, and it never has. State and federal powers were also separated, giving state governments a little freedom to make their own laws, but still abide by all of the national laws as well. The founding fathers of the Constitution tried their best to create an effective part of the government where certain powers were separated, and they did just that. Read more: How did the constitution guard against tyranny essay Civil liberties are basic rights guaranteed by laws or by a constitution. Usually when an American thinks of civil liberties, they think of the Bill of Rights, but the Constitution itself protects itself from tyranny. Many articles and amendments in the Constitution were put there for the only reason but of the people, and to protect their rights. These articles and amendments cover everything from religious freedom to the right to a fair trail, the Framers really thought of everything the people needed to be protected from at that time. Some would argue that the Constitution was written for the society back in 1787, and not for a modern society, but a person’s basic needs to live are the same as they were in that time. Perhaps it is because of all of these rights Americans are given that they are taken for granted of. After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. needed to break away from England, and create and image and identity for itself. The U.S needed to show that they  weren’t Britain’s little colony anymore, it was a country with a strong government. The Constitution gave the United States the identity it needed. It is a strong document, giving the federal government power, while at the same time letting the individual states keep some of their sovereignty. After the Constitution was signed, the economy grew, the nation slowly came out of debt, and the United States earned respect, while showing how effective their new government was. The Constitution is a very effective document that helped the United States in many ways. The Framers never wanted to have tyranny rule over the nation, and it hasn’t because of this document. The Constitution protects the rights of the people, as well as maintains a strong central government the people can rely on. The Constitution has lasted the United States this long with great success, so who is anyone to question it’s effectiveness?

The Role and Value of Supervision and Appraisal in Today's Essay

The Role and Value of Supervision and Appraisal in Today's Organizations and how Leadership Helps Effective Implementation of Th - Essay Example Generally there is a form of hierarchy attached to supervision, with the supervisor being of higher authority within the organisation than the individual being supervised . An appraisal is an evaluation of the performance of an employee that occurs within an organisation and usually focuses on how individual employees perform compared to expectations, where they could improve, and where they are doing well. Appraisals provide information to the employee that allows them to know how they are performing, and also how their performance is viewed by management . Most forms of appraisal involve supervision of the employee by an external party, a supervisor, over a short or an extended period of time. In some cases multiple supervisors may be involved to decrease potential bias . Supervision is important to appraisals. Generally, an appraisal is carried out by a member of the organisation who spends time with and time supervising the employee. Supervision can occur in a number of ways. The supervisor may spend time with the employee while they are performing a practical task, it may be informal or passive, such as the supervisor working in the same room as the employee and thus aware of the employees work in this way, alternatively supervision may occur by peers, or one supervisor may simultaneously supervise many employees . An example of supervision and appraisal is within the medical industry. Here a trainee is almost constantly under supervision as they learn the processes and procedures that they are part of, and their role. Supervision has been shown to help the trainees to develop the ability to care for the patient, and those that are supervised are more effective at patient care than those that are not. Coupled with supervision of trainees is regular appraisal to ensure that both the trainee and the supervisor agree on what is expected of the trainee . Effective supervision and appraisal systems can result in the increased productivity of the company overall as well as the individual employees, as well as increased workplace morale and better relationships between employees . Supervision and Appraisal in the Workplace Generally, supervision in an organisation is with the intent either passively or actively of determining the effectiveness of employees and correcting mistakes. In the health industry supervision is also used to teach and train nurses, with this taking the predominant role over the regulatory function . However, in most organisations the regulatory function of supervision and its link to appraisals remains the key focus of supervision of employees. Within a company there may be many employees that perform the same role. However, within this group of employees, there is likely to be substantial differences in experience, knowledge and performance . As a consequence, appraisals of employee’s performance are used widely in organisations, and are often considered a key part of the success of an organisation. If done co rrectly, appraisals work to reconcile the needs and desires of the employees and management, allowing the establishment of goals that contribute to personal growth of the employee and growth of the company as

America Needs A National Health Care System or Insurance Program Research Paper

America Needs A National Health Care System or Insurance Program - Research Paper Example Almost fifty million people lack health insurance, another one more million have problems in their payments, and they are deducted .Almost 45000 die each year for lack of treatment. The infant mortality rates and general death rates rise dangerously each year. This the main reason for the need for a national health care service. Americas lower life expectancy America has thus achieved lower life expectancy, it is evident because of unstable security because of use of lax gun and poor healthcare planning, the ranking of the American men is the lowest with 75.6years and their women 80.7 years, and many reports come from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. The major contributor to the lower lifespan in America is the lax gun rules (Lewis 83). The shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary school made the lax guns to cater for the blame. The many violent deaths that America experiences have led to the shorter life span in America. Another reason for the lowering of the lifesp an of Americans is the violent deaths that they experience. In every 100000 residents, the United States of America has six violent deaths. The report from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine says that the united state should not ignore the deaths because they own a lot of money. According to researchers, America is the leading state in violent deaths. This may be because of ownership of guns by citizens. So many citizens own guns illegally. Despite the short lifespan caused by the violent deaths and lax guns security, the consumption of large amounts of calories by the Americans that causes diabetes and involvement in alcohol and many accidents also cause deaths. Consumption of many calories results to diabetes hence early deaths in the United States (Uradnik, Lori, and Sara 109). With the invention ARV’s, AIDS still shorten the lifespan of people, because ARV’S do not eliminate the disease, it just reduces. There are three major causes summed toge ther. This includes the health care system, bad behavior and social and economic factors. Results of American fragmented health care The keeping busy of the emergency rooms is a challenge that has taken long. A report has said that Americans that are un-insured, visit the hospital many times compared to the patients who are insured (Lewis 54). Out of the 354 million, only 42% doctors are there to attend to them, this concludes the fact that there is shortage of the doctors. Another study was in spite of having an increase in the use of MRI in the ER and CT. There is no any increase in the diagnosis of the life-threatening conditions. Doctors have reduced the use of hospitals by eliminating surgery, reducing high-priced diagnostic tests with no improving of the results, removing admissions for episodes that are a cute in chronic diseases and stopping the routine of using emergency rooms for primary care. Field argues that in the time when the admissions of patients will stabilize and the hospitals financed, the hospital must attain value of importance (Simmons 76). That will be time that the medical department will take its role to ensure the practice of provision of quality services, they will also locate niches where the hospital can also make savings and to work out ways in which virtual care is delivered. They would also invent organizations accountable for care and many more organizations that will help connect patients, payers, and the sponsors. It calls for

The reasearch paper about Apple INC Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The reasearch paper about Apple INC - Coursework Example The overall external environment and other strategic factors become important to manage in order to lengthen the stay of each organization in a particular stage of its life cycle. Apple Inc is one of the largest growing companies in the world which has been able to withstand much of economic downturn. Over the period of time, it has revolutionized many industries and changed the very fundamentals of doing business in consumer electronics market. Duly supported by the visionary leadership of its late CEO Steve Jobs, Apple has become a new force in consumer electronics industry while dominating handheld music devices, smartphones, tablet PCs and other consumer electronics items. This report will be based upon Apple Inc, what advantages and disadvantages it has enjoyed during its growth phase and how it can deal with its external environment for maintaining its sustainable development and growth achieved during last few years. Apple Inc- A general Introduction Apple Inc was incorporated as Apple Computers Inc is a global organization engaged in the manufacturing, development and marketing of consumer electronics items. It also produces consumer software and commercial servers which are used for storage as well as for other associated purposes. Apple’s range of core products however, is based upon a portfolio of consumer electronics items and is most importantly I.T. oriented. Its flagship products include IPod, IPhone, Ipad as well as Mac laptops. (Levy, 2008) The IPod comes in different models and shapes and is used as an MP3 music player. It can be used to store and play music as well as movies. IPod is also connected with Apple’s music store with the name of ITunes where users can directly download the music and listen the same immediately on their IPods. It was also one of the main products launched by Apple which it started its journey towards hyper growth it achieved during the recent past. IPhone is a smartphone whereas IPads are tablet comput ers and are considered as the leading products of Apple Inc now. Advantages & Disadvantages of Growth The recent growth observed by Apple has brought in different advantages and disadvantages to its business. Over the recent past, following advantages and disadvantages have been enjoyed by Apple Inc due to its growth: A Dedicated base of Consumers Apple’s growth has provided it a dedicated base of consumers which are more loyal to it than any other brand offering similar products. Recent growth of the firm has actually provided Apple a loyal group of users who value its brand and remain stuck with what is offered by Apple. It has been able to sell over 1 million IPhones; over 300 million of IPods have been sold whereas Ipad is also a hot selling product. These figures suggest that Apple’s growth has offered it a dedicated base of consumers who are willing to buy different product ranges offered by Apple. Technology and Customer lock-in Apple’s growth is often at tributed to its ability to design aesthetically good products duly supported by excellent engineering and designs. As Apple grew in its size, it has been able to tap into far superior technology which is not used by other competitors. It has been able to design products which are considered technologically superior with longer useful lives and are considered as more durable. This aspect of its business therefore has helped Apple to lock in its customers as users

The cultural impact regarding to the application of Balanced Scorecard Thesis Proposal

The cultural impact regarding to the application of Balanced Scorecard to improve capability in construction industry in Saudi Arabia - Thesis Proposal Example & Company Management Tools and Trends 2007 (Bain, 2007) reports that 66% of the respondents were using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as part of their strategic decision-making process. Yet fewer than 20% of companies utilising the BSC have realised measurable performance improvement (Williams, 2004). Buytendijk (2007) proposes that the perception that implementation of a BSC, in and of itself, will lead to organisational alignment is a â€Å"fairy tale.† Bititci, Mendibil, Nudurupati, Turner, and Garengo (2004, p. 28) posit that the implementation and use of such performance measurement systems is greatly affected by organisational culture and management styles. Denton (2005) reports that 76% of firms place importance on organisational culture, but only about 37% are measuring it. Indeed, Kaplan and Norton (2004, p. 56) observed that companies with successful BSC implementations â€Å"had a culture in which people were deeply aware of and internalised the mission, vision, and core values needed to execute the company’s strategy.† A third concept that plays a pivotal role in this relationship is Organisational Learning. Indeed, Kaplan and Norton (2001a) include Learning as the basis from which improvement in all other perspectives grows. Further, Kaplan and Norton (1996c, p. 15) refer to the BSC as a â€Å"strategic learning framework,† and outline how the BSC facilitates learning in each of the four processes of the BSC model (Kaplan and Norton, 1996b). Kaplan and Norton (2004) report that the Learning and Growth objective appearing most frequently in BSC’s is â€Å"shaping the culture† (p. 60). They link strategy changes resulting from the BSC to changes in culture. These changes are the direct result of organisational learning vis-à  -vis the BSC feedback system. Accordingly, the literature indicates that the BSC leads to performance improvement in the presence of the appropriate organisational culture. In BSC terminology, organisational learning and growth

Health Ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health Ethic - Essay Example 1). In this principle, it takes into account the standardized benchmarks that must be maintained in order to secure the health welfare of patients seeking medical attention. The code basically establishes the kind of relationship shared by patients and their health providers, where the former group is considered inferior compared to superiority exhibited by medically-educated practitioners. Hence, there is a one-sided dependence in such type of association. In current times, there is a shift in the focus of health care from solely treatment provisions to health care promotion and education--there is an integrated transfer of power from health providers to consumers. Where once the medical practitioners hold the sole control on the direction of their clients’ overall care, recent developments account for a more shared responsibility between the two parties involved in health care. Bearing the illustrated changes in mind, there is a general assumption that concepts in medical et hical conduct is not absolute in every situation, including the core ethical principles that govern the medical practice. The paper conducts a case evaluation related to the requested act of withholding the full disclosure medical information by a patient towards biologic relatives, and ethical principles regulating the practitioners’ actions in the performance of such duty. Specifically, this seeks to clarify contradictions in professional limitations of practitioners and extent to which patients can exercise their ethical rights against the moral code of conduct maintained by health providers. Ethical Dilemma: A Case Point Case 1 Mrs M has been having some strange symptoms which have been diagnosed as early symptoms of multiple sclerosis. She realizes she could be unaffected by the disease for some time and so has asked her GP not to tell anyone, even her family. Mr M and their three children are also the GP's patients. The GP is torn by Mrs M's decision because she feels i t would be better if the family knew now rather than finding out later. Mrs M wants to keep this secret because "I don't want them to start treating me differently. I want to look after my family for as long as I can before they start looking after me." Ethics is a complex concept that encompasses more than the networking tenets of what is morally right and wrong. Medical ethics, as identified by Flight (2004), is a definitive set of values that guide the practice of medical practitioners, incorporating a variety of ethical theories to provide basis for conflict resolutions and updates on practical health issues in clinical and community health settings. Basic in almost all types of professional ethics is the presentation of the four core approaches in ethical performance: â€Å"autonomy (freedom to choose), nonmaleficence (do no harm), beneficence (do what is good), justice† (Ashcroft, et al., 2007, p. 4). In one way or another, these principles interact with one another to influence the procedures by which the medical practitioners perform their duties in work environment. In account with the case presented above, a couple of values seemed to be in conflict during the adherence of professional code in ethics. As listed above, autonomy is the exercise of the liberty to choose. In clinical settings, patients are given options to choose among the treatment alternatives available to them. In application, Mrs. M had reserved her right to

Hydro-power and the wildlife damage it causes Essay

Hydro-power and the wildlife damage it causes - Essay Example She implies despite the positive benefits brought about by Hydro power, the environment suffers a great deal of its side effects, notably, extinction of some form of wildlife. With the emergence of Global warming, dams have received a lot of attention despite the fact that they generate huge quantities of electricity without really burning fossil fuels. In this context, multiple questions have been raised concerning the environmental effects of hydropower. Among them, Are dams carbon neutral? What of the energy used in the construction of Dams and the reservoir that are created behind them (deforestation and decomposition). Notably, endless questions have been raised over the impact of Hydropower on the surrounding environment and more particularly, its impact on wildlife. As opponents of hydropower indicate, it appears as if enough evidence has been found to discredit Hydropower as an efficient energy source. Having that in mind, the paper seeks to discuss the negative environmental effects posed by Hydropower with a view to elucidate on the destruction of wildlife habitats. In a study by FWEE on provision of balanced information for water as a renewable energy resource in the North West, it is indicated that, some specific impacts due to a hydroelectric power projects mainly depends on the following variables (FWEE 1). Firstly, the size and the flow rate, secondly, the climatic and habitat conditions, thirdly, design type and operation of the project. Additionally, the habitat and climatic conditions as well as, the project locations play a significant role. In terms of the project location, upstream or downstream location often comes in focus. This clearly reveals that the dynamics involved in hydropower generations affect various sectors that are directly or indirectly related to its production. McCully, in his article of big Dams big trouble, published by New internationalists, close to sixty percent of the world’s largest river system are mostly fr agmented by numerous dams and considerable water withdrawals for irrigation purposes. This implies that the massive fragmentation of and replumbing of the world largest rivers has led to an increased loss of fresh water species. In this regard, close to a third of the world fresh water fish species have been reported as extinct, vulnerable or endangered. Additionally, IEA Hydropower Agreement on Hydropower and the environment: present context and the guidelines for future Action, indicates that construction of the reservoir increased the storage water, thus covering riparian areas stream banks (23). Following these, inundation occurs. A change in the habitat conditions leads to the emergence of a new equilibrium. While this is happening, different set of dynamics begin to affect how species grow feed, spawn and grow within these regions. Though a rise in water levels increase electricity production, the riparian zone is affected since some of the vegetation initially covered by wate r may never re-establish McCully further indicates that a significant but unknown number of , amphibians, shell fish, as well as plants and birds that depend on Fresh water ecosystems are on the verge of extinction or as such, at risk (620). He further points it out that Flooding from Dams has the potential to disrupt Wildlife

International strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International strategic management - Case Study Example The whole food market strives to have the highest variety of quality products in the market. This they do by ensuring a top selection of food suppliers who produce and maintain high standards of food production. They also ensure that these suppliers maintain a reasonable degree of social and environmental responsibility while producing the goods. Whole food since 2002 has tried to develop new individual stores to help them stock a lot of this produce (Thompson, 2010, p.1). Whole Food Market is also pursuing its goal for providing products of high quality in the market. These are healthy products free from all the preservatives and any other product that becomes genetically engineered that will reduce its quality as organic. The company strives in dominating the local market and also the international market. Whole food market stores are also developing ways of attracting customers to the store. They ensure that they maintain a conducive environment for their customers. This include t he use of ambient lighting, educational demonstrations to encourage their shopper to come back again and bring other customers to the stores. Whole food also uses a strategy of team work for their operations. The members of the staff get involved in the process of hiring new employees, developing and implementing new ideas and also encouraging members’ individual thinking, while still maintaining individual accountability for both the success and failure (Thompson, 2010, p.14). Q2 Yes, the strategy is well matched since Whole food objective is to supply their consumers with products of the highest quality. These are products that lack pesticides and other genetically engineered products that are likely to affect the consumers, community and agriculture health. The products also have a flavored taste to the benefits of consumers and as a current trend in a healthy lifestyle. In order to maintain their natural and organic food sectors, the firm's product line include nearly 300 00 natural, organic food and non food products (Thompson, 2010, p.10). The firm also provides fresh produce like meat and poultry, exceptional quality cheese, frozen foods and a selection of daily baked goods. All the meats and poultry provided are natural. The animals got raised without artificial growth hormones or the byproducts in their animals. The entire sea food is wild caught or found from the aquaculture farms. Q3. Yes, He has a strong vision for Whole Foods being an international brand not only just for organic and natural foods, but also as the best and leading food retailer in every region where the food stores are present. His vision was to see whole food set high standards for excellence in the business of food retail. His vision of marketing high quality and natural, organic foods to more customers all over would eventually transform the diets of people. This will make them live longer, healthier and happier lives. His vision sees the company’s future strategic course. It resonates what the firm wants to be, where it’s heading to and the scopes of its future. He is not planning to leave it at only the supply of natural and organic foods but also, take the entire food retail business (Thompson, 2010, p.2). The company’s motto is a compelling one. This is because it covers three most vital areas of success in the food industry. It majorly focuses on superior quality of the products getting offered it covers the

United States History from 1865 - 1929 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States History from 1865 - 1929 - Essay Example 1865 marked the death of slavery and birth of racism in US which appalled as decades passed by while the 20th century highlighted the diplomatic side of US. Slavery in US was officially banned after 1865, yet that was the time of birth of racism in US. African Americans, Asian Americans and Chinese were some of the minorities in US between 1865 and 1929. White Americans formed the majority of US. 1865 and onwards was the era when US opened the gates to immigration and people started to pour into US from all parts of the world. That was also the time when slavery was considerably abolished from US after a long struggle of the states and US had been proven indivisible. Nevertheless, the abolition of slavery gave birth to racism because not all Americans were pleased to see the past slaves acquire the right to vote and fill positions in the government. This raised new challenges not only for the African Americans, but also for all other migrants that were in a minority in the US. After the slavery was legally abolished and the rich culture of America was eradicated, African Americans felt uncomfortable while using their right to vote. Although they had physically been released from the chains of slavery, yet they required decades of psychological therapy to break free of the hold of the trauma of slavery. However, things changed for the better as time passed. Many of them introduced the black codes with puts constraints on their freedom. By 1870, a lot of African Americans were allowed entry into politics and the Congress. But a vast majority of the white Southerners was not in the favor of reconstruction. The culmination of the Reconstruction Period in 1877 sanctioned a new constitution. In spite of the guarantees made by the new constitution, African-Americans and the immigrants had the status of second-class citizens in US. With limited civil rights, they made subordinates to the white Americans that were in majority. Racism was omnipresent in schools, off ices, hospitals, recreational spots and public stations. As the 19th century approached its end, racism in US reached its apogee. Strict segregation in public places, sports, theaters, transportation and cemeteries was supported by law. A vast majority of the African Americans had been denied the right to vote as a result of their inability to pay the poll taxes, which had been primarily enforced to keep them from participating in the policy. African Americans were subject to violence by the mobs and they were put into forced labor in jails if they were made complaint against. Although law had declared them free, yet the majority of African Americans had hardly managed to escape slavery. Start of the 20th century brought industrial revolution to the US. In fact, things had started to change in favor of technological advancement right from the last two decades of the 19th century. Industrialization also made more room for the workers. The American Federation of Labor was established in 1882. Workers were dissatisfied with the low wages and long working hours till the end of the 19th century. Immigrants made a significant proportion of the industrial workforce. Almost 25 million immigrants had settled in different cities of America between 1865 and 1910. Although immigrants were offered lower wages than the native Americans and they had to worker more than them, yet the living conditions in America were better than those in their homelands. Immigrants in America had

Computer Technology Essay Example for Free

Computer Technology Essay Charles Njogu, the name does not ring a bell does it? That is my name. Why should my name matter to you? It should matter because I am one of the biggest success stories to come out of my native country, Kenya. I come from a third world country and nothing I have ever achieved or have in life came on a silver platter. I worked hard to reach my status in my life now and I am working even harder to make sure that I do not waste any of the opportunities lady luck has thrown my way. Completing my education has always been my personal battle. There were some real times in the past when I thought that I would do better to throw in the towel and just give up. But I have a dream, a dream to help my countrymen realize a better life and for the future generation of Kenyans to have a better chance in life than my generation did. This is why I strive to reach even greater heights in my educational accomplishments. I want to be the example every Kenyan will look up to and realize that there is a brighter future ahead of them. All they have to do is keep moving towards the goal. No matter how impossible it seems. Though life was rough for me back home, I never let anyone derail me from achieving my goals. That character trait of mine was built up over the years of failure and hindrances that I had to overcome. Looking back on my educational achievements in Kenya, I amaze myself because I never believe I could all that and much more. I have always had a fascination with Computer Technology. This is why my earliest educational achievements were in this field. The Computer Training Center in Nairobi awarded me an ACP certificate in Computer programming back in 1993. This was quickly followed by an ACP Advance Diploma in Computer Studies as well as another ACP Diploma in Systems Analysis and Design. My interest in computers helped me understand that Management plays an important role in the way any office works. All the best computers and databases in the world will be rendered useless if efficient office management is not firmly established by the office right from the start. So I toyed with the idea of taking some management courses. After all, it has always been a personal dream of mine to own my own business someday and, hopefully, be able to teach my fellow Kenyans all about business management in order to help their business skills. Three years later, in 1996, graduated with a National Diploma in Business Management with an Advanced Certificate in Business Administration from the Kenya Institute of Management. For most people, that would be enough of an achievement to make them feel accomplished in life, but not me. I knew there was more to learn and that Kenya based educational institutions had probably taught me all that I they had to offer me. So I set my sights higher. This time, I was eyeing further advanced education in the United States of America. It was with great pride and joy that I was accepted into Brandeis University in Massachusetts. I attended the school as a masteral student of International Finance and Economics. My major was in International Finance and International Economics. I completed these studies back in 2003. Now, in 2007, am expecting to complete my Master of Science degree in Management and Systems with a major in Leadership and knowledge from New York University. You might ask yourself, with all these accomplishments, why would I still want to complete a Ph. D. in Management at Rutger University? The answer is really part of a very logical process of educating myself that is deeply rooted in my sense of self-accomplishment. I want to be a results oriented businessman with vast experience in business administration, financial management, information technology, knowledge and organizational management. I believe that in order to properly manage a business, I must be highly skilled in strategic planning, implementation and information systems auditing as well as knowing how to properly increase productivity while keeping a streamlined business operational. It is my intention to complete my Masteral Degree in Management because in the future, I wish to see a challenging career as a Business Systems Analyst, project manager, as well as a network engineer / person. These positions will require me to fully utilize all my extensive skills, analytical and leadership abilities in order to realize my potential for future growth. Why should Rutger University even bother to consider me for a student slot in the system? The answer to this lies in my soon to be published thesis entitled Managing Knowledge Capital: How Organizations Measure Knowledge Capital and How the Make It Grow. It was recently reviewed with much praise by Lydia Rich and should be published in the short-term future. In this thesis, I am reminding everyone that computers do not do the managing of businesses although they are an integral part of the management system. I proposed that what really keeps the business running is a thoroughly new, yet proven to be accurate method of determining the value of businesses today through proper management ideas. Lastly, I am sure you will want to know why I want to attend Rutger University. The answer, simply put is that I believe that your university will provide me with fertile ground where in I can learn even higher levels of academic theory and practice based on one of the most admirable Ph. D. curriculums this nation has to offer.

Terrorism Is Violence Problem Criminology Essay

Terrorism Is Violence Problem Criminology Essay Terrorism means use of force and threats against a person, groups or governments for political or other purposes. Terrorism is not a modern activity; hundred of years ago societies were not as organized as they are today with modern facilities of roads, telephones, and regular police force and so on. Then head of strong groups of people, robbers warriors made use of force and threats to life and property to get their aims. Now terrorism itself is quite an organized activity. There are terrorist organizations or societies which train terrorist for their purposes. Sometimes these organizations are supported by foreign governments and huge funds and modern weapons are easily provided to them. A regular terrorist organization usually works against the government. It tries to demolish key government buildings offices and public places like railway stations and airports with bomb and destructive weapons. It kills people and destroys property in crowed places like market centers, bus stands and railway stations. This set the people against the government and causes public demonstrations. The bomb blast and the resulting deaths and destruction in different parts of our country is an example of such terrorism. A terrorist organization operating in a country usually gets money and weapons from local as well as foreign countries. It also joins hands with forceful groups or parties opposed to the government inside the country. Nations or big countries with in a country use terrorist methods to gain greater freedom or independence. Thus the skills in India have been committing acts of terrorism to achieve self-rules in the Punjab. The Irish people in north Ireland have been terrorizing the British government to force it to grant them independence. There are internal or international terrorists who actively hijack planes or kidnap important or rich persons. They demand huge amount of money for the release of prisoners or some political concessions for the return of the airplanes, passengers or kidnapped persons kidnapping have been quite common in our country. Terrorism needs to be checked very carefully and the government should force all the people illegally present in the country to leave. It should force the refugees to remain in their camps all the time. It should make arrangements to step the illegal flow of arms and money into the country from abroad. It should have really effective secret service which can report all kinds of terrorist plans. Other steps for checking terrorism take the use of the police or the army on a large scale can be discussed in newspapers, on the radio and TV and in the elected assemblies. According to Globally Accepted Definition of Terrorism: Acts committed with the aim of seriously intimidating a population, forcing a government or international organization to abstain from performing any act, or seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of country or an international organization. In the 21st century, terrorism went through many big changes or great change because of modernization new technologies. Todays world terrorism exists with many different causes purposes. Terrorism is used to create conflicts between different peoples, groups, countries sometimes it is used in religious disagreements. In the 21st century, terrorism becomes more deadly than previous centuries. Todays terrorists use many new techniques such as suicidal attacks, remote control bombs, automatic pistols rifles, rocket launchers etc. these can result thousands of innocent peoples being killed or injured. In Pakistan everyday people were dying because of no reason that is the reason of fear, scare which are include in everyones mind. Many peoples said about terrorism that is: According to Thomas Hobbes, who in 1651 described human life in the following Words: No arts; no letters; no society; and which is the worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short According to Malik (2001: 88), Attempts to incorporate all the many manifestations of terrorism within a single definition were doomed from the start. The term terrorism has been applied across the whole spectrum of political violence, and over the centuries of history. It has been applied to times of war and of peace; to the actions of states, groups and individuals; to actions against liberal states and to actions against repressive states and dictatorships Some articles which are related to terrorism are: According to Friedland and Merari (1998: 591), Political terrorism is a sophisticated form of psychological warfare which aims to accomplish political ends by bearing on individuals emotions and attitudes. This article presents the results of a public opinion survey, conducted on an Israeli national sample, which was designed to evaluate the psychological impacts of terroristic activity and the basic assumptions that guide it. The results indicate that terrorism is highly effective in inducing fear and worry, even when the actual damage it causes is moderate. However, terrorism appears to have failed to produce the attitudinal change desired by its perpetrators, the high levels of fear notwithstanding. On the contrary, terrorism caused a hardening of attitudes, strong opposition to any form of political reconciliation with terrorists, and widespread support for extreme counterterrorist measures. Terrorism, in other words, proved to be counterproductive. These results provided a basis for an extensive analysis of the conditions that turn terrorism into a potentially effective tool of political influence, and those in which it is likely to fail According to Berholz (2006: 221), Terrorism is becoming a weapon of ever increasing importance to reach certain ends, given the potential of mass destruction available to leading international powers and the rise of one superpower dominating the international system. In most cases terrorism is driven by an ideology comprising a world view with supreme values. Since these values are absolutely true to believers, they have to be preferred to everything, so that terrorists are required to sacrifice not only the lives of others but also their own. It is therefore difficult to prevent this kind of terrorism. But the threatening damages can be mitigated by economic, technological and political decentralization. In the long run, it is even more important to win the spiritual fight. This can be done by starting from the fact that believers in ideologies whose supreme values are conflicting, can only live together peacefully, if they accept that each individual has the right to choose his or her own belief. A corresponding education has to prevent fundamentalist instruction and to inculcate the basic rules of a free society According to Crain and Crain (2006: 317), In this paper we estimate the macroeconomic consequences of terrorism using panel data for 147 countries for the period 1968-2002. The results reveal that the potential gains to a country from reducing terrorism are quite large, although the specific estimates depend on a countrys population, base level of output, and investment. We present estimates of the impact of terrorism on GDP, GDP growth, investment, consumer spending, and tourism. These estimates of the marginal impact of terrorism provide a threshold against which a countrys expenditures on anti-terrorism can be weighed According to Victoroff (2005: 3), This article reviews the state of the art of available theories and data regarding the psychology of terrorism. Data and theoretical material were gathered from the worlds unclassified literature. Multiple theories and some demographic data have been published, but very few controlled empirical studies have been conducted investigating the psychological bases of terrorism. The field is largely characterized by theoretical speculation based on subjective interpretation of anecdotal observations. Moreover, most studies and theories fail to take into account the great heterogeneity of terrorists. Many practical, conceptual, and psychological barriers have slowed progress in this important field. Nonetheless, even at this early stage of terrorism studies, preliminary reports suggest that modifiable social and psychological factors contribute to the genesis of the terrorist mind-set. Psychological scholarship could possibly mitigate the risk of catastroph ic attack by initiating the long overdue scientific study of terrorist mentalities According to Coady (2004: 37), There are different kinds of terrorism as there are of war. It is unpersuasive to make the deliberate targeting of civilians a defining feature of terrorism, and states as well as non-state groups can engage in terrorism. In a democracy, voters responsible for a governments unjustifiable policies are not necessarily innocent, while conscripts are legitimate targets. Rather than being uniquely atrocious, terrorism most resembles small war. It is not always or necessarily more morally unjustifiable than war. All war should be avoided, but some war is more unjustifiable than other war. Comparable judgments should be made about terrorism. It is appropriate to compare civilians killed by those seeking political change and those using violence to prevent such change. Sometimes the debate should focus on the justifiability or lack of it of the aims sought. While violence should always be used as little as possible, those in power are responsible for making oth er means than violence effective in achieving justifiable political change. When considering the likely causes of violence, one that has received inadequate attention is humiliation. Humiliation is not the same as shame. Causing humiliation can and should be avoided

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens | Summary and Analysis

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens | Summary and Analysis Charles Dickens wrote his enduringly popular novel, Great Expectations, between December 1860 and September 1861. As was usual for this most prolific of novelists, the book was first published in serial form, and the instalments would be as eagerly awaited as the ‘soap operas’ of today. This novel, however, contains an interesting and informative retrospective by the author on aspects of his life, hidden from even those closest to him, which he had first addressed in the painfully autobiographical David Copperfield some ten years earlier (a difficult decade for Dickens in his personal life) and to some extent alters the perception of himself which Dickens had there vicariously presented. The intricate plot of Great Expectations surrounds the life of an orphaned boy, Pip, who is brought up ‘by hand’ by his rather cruel sister and her kindly husband, Joe, the local blacksmith, to whom Pip turns for the only affection available. He sees Joe less as a father-figure than ‘a larger species of child, and as no more than my equal’ and this rather telling reference to ‘equality’ is to be one of the major themes of the book, i.e. Victorian class-consciousness and notions of what constitutes a ‘gentleman’. (One of the reasons Dickens chose, in fact to write the book was to redress the imbalance he felt he had created in the earlier creation of the ‘gentleman’ Copperfield and his snobbery towards the lads with whom he was compelled to work in the factory to which he had been consigned; Dickens had suffered a similar fate as a child and never spoke of it though he never forgot it.). Pip’s encounter at the beginning of the novel, in the graveyard where his parents are buried and from the stones of which he gains his only sense of self, with the terrifying convict, Magwitch, whom he is compelled to help yet for whom he feels compassion, is quickly followed by his being called to ‘play’ by the enigmatically grotesque Miss Havisham, shrouded in her wedding gown and frozen in time as a result of her being jilted, and this juxtaposition has much importance as the plot progresses, clearly foreshadowing the later unravelling of the mystery of Pip’s benefactor. It is at Miss Havisham’s house that Pip meets and falls instantly in love with her ward, the beautiful and distant Estella, whose name, with its link to ‘star’, is emblematic of both these characteristics. Chiefly because of this fateful meeting and Estella’s ‘disdain’ of his social class, Pip decides he ‘want[s] to be a gentleman’. Th is, significantly, he confides only to Biddy whom Dickens makes clear he should have married but his obsession with Estella obscures his vision on this as so much else, until it is too late. The plot advances significantly when Pip is told, by the sudden arrival of the lawyer, Jaggers, that he is to be the recipient of funds from an unknown benefactor which will make his dream come true and so begins the London phase of his life where he meets the amiable Herbert Pocket and his feckless family, the amusing and shrewd clerk, Wemmick, and re-encounters Estella. Pip is naturally encouraged by both circumstance and history to believe that it is Miss Havisham who is his benefactor but in fact, it is Magwitch, the convict, he helped as a child, who is making him into a gentleman, as he learns when Magwitch suddenly appears, and this dislocation of origins adds to Dickens’ development of the central theme of gentility. In fact, the true gentleman of the book is Joe, as Pip ultimately realises. In Great Expectations, Dickens is attempting to write both a mystery story, influenced by his friend Wilkie Collins’ success with the genre, and to examine the nature of what makes a man the object of respect and admiration. By making Pip want to ‘climb the ladder’ he is investigating the way in which Victorian society operated: more on wealth and station than worth. He was, indeed, ambivalent even about the ending to the novel, wanting at first to have Pip emphatically destined not to marry Estella: I was very glad afterwards to have had the interview; for, in her face and in her voice, and in her touch, she gave me the assurance, that suffering had been stronger than Miss Havishams teaching, and had given her a heart to understand what my heart used to be. Â   Clearly, here, Dickens intends that Pip and Estella should part and the only hopeful resolution is in her apparent change. Nevertheless, the astute author changed his mind because he wanted to please his audience rather than himself, and qualified the certainty of separation in the original by offering at least the possibility of their marriage in his revision: I took her hand in mine, and we went out of the ruined place; and, as the morning mists had risen long ago when I first left the forge, so, the evening mists were rising now, and in all the broad expanse of tranquil light they showed to me, I saw the shadow of no parting from her. The significance of the difference, notwithstanding the employment by the author of one of his favourite words, ‘shadow’, is that it is optimistically inconclusive but the disparity between the two endings clearly defines the author’s own increasingly embittered view of life. True, the couple depart the ‘ruined place’, an emblem of the wreckage of their shared past, but the ‘mists’ remain to obscure the certainty of unbounded happiness present in the ‘tranquil light’. Part of the enduring appeal of Great Expectations is to be found in its author’s power perpetually to please and the evidence is in this willingness to adapt his own directives to those of his audience. The vivacity of the characters, the twists and turns of the plot and the intensely personal style of the first person narrative all combine to make Dickens’ ‘mystery novel’ a book which continues to engage fresh generations of readers. Bibliography: Peter Ackroyd, Dickens, (Sinclair Stevenson, London, 1990). Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993). John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens in Two Volumes, (J.M. Dent Sons, London, 1966). F. Hopkinson Smith, In Dickenss London, (Charles Scribers Sons, New York, 1916). John Manning, Dickens on Education, (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1959). Steven Marcus, Dickens, from Pickwick to Dombey, (Basic Books, New York, 1965). John R. Reed, Dickens and Thackeray: Punishment and Forgiveness, (Ohio University Press, Athens, OH, 1995). Paul Schlicke, Dickens and Popular Entertainment, (Unwin Hyman, London, 1988).

Final essay :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Clinton-Lewinsky affair is a very good example of the concentric circle model. Thinking of it in the way explained in the book, â€Å"as a pebble being dropped in still water.† That is exactly what happened in this story. The ripples were the different people that were actually involved in and knew of the story in the first place, before it got out to the public. The media’s knowledge of the story started when Michael Isikoff tracked down Linda Tripp, because of tips he received from other people. It is funny to me how the story for the media began which was because there had been rumors that Clinton had asked Monica Lewinsky to perjure, which would have been illegal. What is so funny to me about that is, when the news actually hit the public, the story seemed to change to the fact that Clinton had an affair. Which is exactly what the Newsweek and other news outlets were not interested in reporting. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet has evolved over the last ten years. It has continually expanded and become every more a part of the media’s conglomeration. And the future of the internet is looking very good. Because technology has always surpassed itself, coming out with new and better products on an continual basis. Today the internet is accessible in most schools and children are becoming more computer literate. I believe that one day the internet will surpass all other forms of media. As more people start to become computer literate they will use the internet more. Business’s make billions of dollars a year from the internet. Allowing people to shop in the convenience of their own home has been a huge plus for these business’s. This is a very profitable venue for a business because they don’t have all the expenses of an actual store, such as employees and the physical store. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White House Press Secretary has a very unique relationship with the media. The person who has this job more than likely has an abundant amount of information the media would like to know. This goes along very well with what libertarians believe. Which is â€Å"that people are involved in a life-long quest for knowledge, truth and wisdom.† They â€Å"imagined a word of many diverse publications that there would be room for every outlook.† That, â€Å"truth-seeking individuals exchange ideas in an unstructured, free-wheeling marketplace.† And finally that â€Å"all citizens engaging in great dialogues through the media seemed naà ¯ve to some people.

Eagles :: essays research papers

Eagle, common name for a number of diurnal birds of prey, some of which are the largest members of their family which also includes kites, hawks, buzzards, and certain vultures. The name eagle is somewhat loosely applied, as several of the groups are not particularly closely related to one another, and some birds called hawks are larger than some called eagles. IIGOLDEN AND RELATED EAGLES The golden eagle is distributed through most of the northern hemisphere. This is the eagle that has been regarded from ancient times as a symbol of courage and power because of its large size, superb aerial skills, and the inaccessibility of many of its nest sites, in wild and mountainous country. In Roman myths this eagle is associated with the principal deity, Jupiter. It was the emblem of certain Roman legions, of France under the Bonapartes, of Germany, and of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. In North America the golden eagle occurs as far south as Mexico, but it is most common in the mountainous areas of the western United States and Canada; east of the Mississippi it is relatively rare. Females attain a length of about 1 m (about 3 ft) from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail, and have a wingspread of about 2 m (about 7 ft). Males are smaller, as is true for most of the birds of prey. A characteristic of the genus is the feathering of the legs down to the toes; in other eagles the lower part of the leg is bare and scaled, as in most birds. The body plumage is dark brown, with a distinct golden wash over the back of the head and neck, giving the species its name. The tail of adults is brown with several indistinct pale bands; that of immature birds is white with a dark brown terminal band. Most golden eagle nests are placed on cliff ledges, but in some areas large trees are preferred. The nest is large and coarse, built of sticks and twigs. The same nest is used from year to year, and the birds add more sticks, so that the nest may eventually be as much as 1.8 m (6 ft) in diameter and 1.5 m (5 ft) high. The usual number of eggs is two, often only one, and occasionally three. They are heavily marked with blotches and spots of various shades of brown.

E-Books and Traditional Books

Throughout history of people, writing is the most significant way of communication and knowledge sharing. Human written on the walls and stones in the beginning. After that papers took the place of walls and stones. At the present time, thanks to technological advancement, lettering can write on electronic devices that called as e-books. This situation causes argument between e-book and paper book. It is argued that e-books will take the place of paper books in the future; in spite of benefits of e-books people should paper books, since it causes negative results such as physical sickness on human body, being less interactive and being easily copied. It is claimed that e-books can be read anywhere such as on the bus, in a cafe, subway, airplanes thanks to computer and smart phones; however this advantages result in physical sickness on human body. Computers and smart phones can have hundred of e-books in their memories. For this reason their using areas increasing day to day. Nevertheless this situation is not suitable in terms of human health. Because of making heavy weather of electronic devices for instance looking at screen for a long time, some disorders observable such as eye strain and headaches. Furthermore, due to screen resolution lower than paper, reading on e-books is more difficult. It is clear that e-books devices are harmful for human body. Another frequently heard arguments in favour of e-books is based on thanks to e-books nature is protected, however electronic books without paper less interactive. It stated that forests are destroyed for paper. Therefore e-books are appearing like eco-friend. Nonetheless only old and broken trees are cut to produce paper. In addition, electronic books are lower interaction between reader and writer. As Stokes states e-books are make it difficult to easily mark them up via underlining, highlighting and marginal notes (n. d). In briefly, paper books should be preferred in terms of interaction. Although it is argued that e- books are more available in global world and they are more economic, they are make it difficult to duplicate. It is often maintained that when you have a laptop and wireless internet connection, you can download all of books. Besides cost of e-books are lower than printed versions due to no printing expenses. However, e-books can be downloaded and shared via internet. Thanks to computer and smart phones, e-books are copied without difficult. Besides e-books can be easily hacked,stolen,lost on the internet without approval from the author or publisher. It is indicated in Wikipedia, duplicating of paper books in an amateur printing press is more difficult. To sum up, traditional books should be prefer by readers because they are more interactive, more reliable for preventing to copy and they do not have physical sickness on human body. Even if electronic devices are improved rapidly, none of them can not give friendliness and paper smell of traditional books to readers. They might be our closed friend whatever our age.

Singer vs Regan

surroundal Ethics vocaliser vs Regan environmental chasteity is defined as a grapheme of philosophy which considers ext terminationing the traditional boundaries of moral philosophy from merely including pityings to including the unhuman origination (Wikipedia). For example, this includes the saving of plants and an increase of physical rights. dig vocalizer and tom Regan two lay out that carnals acquire a strikinger joint than their proclaim in the debate of ethical treatment. nonwithstanding their very(prenominal) distinct philosophical consumes, vocalist and Regan deficiency a similar gist when traffic with environmental ethical motive it straightaways society. Peter utterer, an Australian philosopher, enlists a functional view on unhuman liberation. In divergent words doings should be judged stringently by their consequences. For example if an action benefits the astronomicst offspring of respective(prenominal)s, over a lesser number, so that action must(prenominal) be trust costy.His central view is that moral friend telegraph wiress should be condition to all nourishment affairs al maven that does not mean treating them homogeneous or holding their lives to be of adequate determine (Singer p. 58). Singer adds that We may earn that the interest groups of one be atomic number 18 great than those of an otherwise, and allude circumstance depart thusly check us to sacrifice the existence with lesser interest, if one or the other must be sacrificed (Singer p. 58). This as a full-page sounds brutal entirely on the dictatorial end of moral consideration is that interest shargond by both earthly concern and non military personnel find to be given equal weight.Singer debates that We can now campaign at least one ratiocination as to how the existence of inhuman nourishment things should figure into our deliberations about actions affecting the environment Where our actions are realistic t o make beasts suffer, that execrable must keep down in our deliberations, and it should count equally with a give care measuring rod of scummy by human beings, heretofore as rough comparisons can be make (Singer p. 59). He adds that the conclusion of fashioning these choices will be controversial unless on that point will be a clean up cut winner. On the other end of the spectrum, gobbler Regan is an American philosopher that takes a near(prenominal) different view.He argues that not besides adult male have rights but animals have rights as well. Regan adds that To be for animal welfare, as diaphanous from merely being against animal rudety, is to confide that we may have a craft to improve the quality of animal life, by ensuring so far as this is possible that other animals are the beneficiaries of what is good for them not merely that we should avoid being cruel to them (Regan p. 66). He emphasizes that The welfare of nonhuman animals is cardinal. barely it is not the besides thing that is important (Regan p. 67).Regans aim is to solely abolish, not reform, the current system of human and nonhuman relations. He argues that it is morally upon for humanness to use animals for their needs, stating that this action, as a solving, deprives animals of their individual rights. Regan asserts that all animals have intimate care for because they have feelings, desires, and preferences. As a result of his beliefs Regan feels that the animal rights movement is no different than the human rights movement. Peter Singer and Tom Regan have similar goals concerning environmental ethics but have much different approaches.Singer takes a utilitarian view stating that the top hat solution to a moral job is the one with the best likely consequences for the absolute majority concerned. While on the other cash in ones chips Regan takes a deontological approach to animal rights. He basis his reasoning on that like humans, animals have an understa nding of the humans and go what they desire from life. One riddle that is worth pointing out mingled with Singer and Regan is the loophole concerning peril species. Singer does not go through at individuals he looks at a group. With exist species the group is small and hence does not carry a large constituent in conservation.On the other croak Regan cannot argue for the group that is endangered but only the individual that is in question. As a result endangered species are leftover is constant feeling of limbo time lag for a definite coiffure on their place in society. Despite the differences between Peter Singer and Tom Regan they are both in treaty that some action needs to take place. The humanity would continue to crumble around us if it was not for two great philosophers impulsive to put their reputations on the line for the greater good for both humans and nonhumans. environmental Ethics, ed. Andrew Light and Holmes Rolston III.Singer vs ReganEnvironmental Eth ics Singer vs Regan Environmental ethics is defined as a part of philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the nonhuman world (Wikipedia). For example, this includes the preservation of plants and an increase of animal rights. Peter Singer and Tom Regan both argue that animals need a greater voice than their own in the debate of ethical treatment.Despite their very different philosophical views, Singer and Regan want a similar outcome when dealing with environmental ethics it todays society. Peter Singer, an Australian philosopher, takes a utilitarian view on nonhuman liberation. In other words actions should be judged strictly by their consequences. For example if an action benefits the largest number of individuals, over a lesser number, then that action must be good.His central view is that moral consideration should be given to all living things but that does not mean treating them alike or holding their l ives to be of equal value (Singer p. 58). Singer adds that We may recognize that the interests of one being are greater than those of another, and equal consideration will then lead us to sacrifice the being with lesser interest, if one or the other must be sacrificed (Singer p. 58). This as a whole sounds brutal but on the positive end of moral consideration is that interest shared by both humans and nonhumans have to be given equal weight.Singer argues that We can now draw at least one conclusion as to how the existence of nonhuman living things should enter into our deliberations about actions affecting the environment Where our actions are likely to make animals suffer, that suffering must count in our deliberations, and it should count equally with a like amount of suffering by human beings, insofar as rough comparisons can be made (Singer p. 59). He adds that the conclusion of making these choices will be controversial but there will be a clear cut winner. On the opposite end of the spectrum, Tom Regan is an American philosopher that takes a much different view.He argues that not only humans have rights but animals have rights as well. Regan adds that To be for animal welfare, as distinct from merely being against animal cruelty, is to believe that we may have a duty to improve the quality of animal life, by ensuring so far as this is possible that other animals are the beneficiaries of what is good for them not merely that we should avoid being cruel to them (Regan p. 66). He emphasizes that The welfare of nonhuman animals is important. But it is not the only thing that is important (Regan p. 67).Regans aim is to simply abolish, not reform, the current system of human and nonhuman relations. He argues that it is morally wrong for humans to use animals for their needs, stating that this action, as a result, deprives animals of their individual rights. Regan asserts that all animals have intrinsic value because they have feelings, desires, and preferenc es. As a result of his beliefs Regan feels that the animal rights movement is no different than the human rights movement. Peter Singer and Tom Regan have similar goals concerning environmental ethics but have much different approaches.Singer takes a utilitarian view stating that the best solution to a moral problem is the one with the best likely consequences for the majority concerned. While on the other hand Regan takes a deontological approach to animal rights. He basis his reasoning on that like humans, animals have an understanding of the world and know what they desire from life. One problem that is worth pointing out between Singer and Regan is the loophole concerning endangered species. Singer does not look at individuals he looks at a group. With endangered species the group is small and therefore does not carry a large voice in conservation.On the other hand Regan cannot argue for the group that is endangered but only the individual that is in question. As a result endang ered species are left is constant feeling of limbo waiting for a definite answer on their place in society. Despite the differences between Peter Singer and Tom Regan they are both in agreement that some action needs to take place. The world would continue to crumble around us if it was not for two great philosophers willing to put their reputations on the line for the greater good for both humans and nonhumans. Environmental Ethics, ed. Andrew Light and Holmes Rolston III.

An Analysis of an Article in the Big Issue called Sun Vampires Essay

The Big Issue is print to promote the homeless, enterking to raise m unrivalledy for people who atomic number 18 in this situation. The Big Issue is only inter tilt by vendors, homeless themselves, on the streets of all our major cities and t admits. The target group for sales is seen to those who capacity be sympathetic to the dilemma of the homeless, to those who argon fortunate themselves to pitch homes and jobs, who take an interest in society as a whole sooner than just themselves as individuals, who argon also conscious of the current issues. The commentators are to be relatively prosperous, also young rather than middle-aged. The young subscribers apply most probably comprehend of the Bros (a teen pop duo of the late 80s) and also Peter Andre (popular at the time of manation, still hardly an enduring household name). The reader force be in the position of being fitted to spend 399 a year on a sun lashing course. The reader is more akinly to respond to the wa y of life of writing that uses current colloquial or patois expressions And lets face it, one snake pit of a habit and fork out than a style that they regard as being fashionable and old-fashioned. The message is though a horrific one solely by using the generally speaking, light-hearted tone. thence there is no worry in shake the reader, but if the your to frighten the casual reader and the reader were to associate this emotion with The Big Issue. For then the reader might never but another a copy again, therefore defeating the whole purpose of what is published for.The generator exclaims to the reader that sunbeds are dangerous and those who uses them are stupid and vain. The suppliers of the habit are abusive.The message is right but the tone is generally light-hearted. The mood does change though, the evidence supplied by Jane Horwood is unwelcoming, and that provided by a medical checkup expert is inflexible. The purpose of a headline is to withdraw the attention of a casual browser. Here the writer uses paradox. The reader is attracted firstly by the use of the newsworthiness vampires, because our enjoyment of horror stories. The intellection of the vampires being associated with sun, which is mode death to them. The reader becomes eye-catchingly incongruous curiosity is softheaded so the reader wants to read on. Desperate for a sun fix straight away draws us think of a drug addiction, the gravity which is reinforce by the sinister implications of coffins, both images are very(prenominal) different but are powerful images. then(prenominal) by a newly-coined image, tanorexics, this is a pun. However a pun is commonly employ humorously, as a joke, which associates two images.In this case this pun might make the reader have mixed emotions. By using the really amusing though, to associate what is usually regarded as a pastime with the desperately psychological problem of anorexia. The illustration is made to seen very unprofessional, but it does catch the browsers attention. The simultaneous associations with the coffins and cooked meat work. The writer forces the readers to take aim themselves in the situation, by using the repletion of you and youre. The article seeks to mock the sunbed. The opening uses ridiculous pictures flexible cocoon, weird blue light. The idea of the users being profoundly stupid, by mad suggestions. throw away you been abducted by aliens for experimental tests? In the second divide the tone is unbreakable by another equally ridiculous picture. Walking raisins implying that the sun has similar personal effects on human skin as it has on grapes. The writer soon does become rather serous, afterwards making sure that our interests has been attracted by other means. unawares suntanning become dangerous. Most people are aware of the dangers of hummer, so the bluntness of Its like smoking hits hard. The scenario of losing an infant as a result of suntanning is distressing. in that respect are no jokes in this section. Religiously and Confesses which underlines the richness of the issue for the writer. We all know the adverts on video recording in which scientists in white coats are used to impress upon us the wonderful properties of toothpastes or concern cures. We naturally believe what we are told by experts. So Doctor Bishop is brought into the argument and a consultant dermatologist. We do not comprehend the jargon doctors use, but we always impressed by their specialized language. We may not know what a UVB or UVA rays are and what they do not us.However most of us are inclined to believe what those who do know tell us about them. It is provoke that the writer is afraid perhaps of loosing their audience by using too many expressions that the general public do not understand, but the writer does get through us some laymans explanation, as in the case of collagen and of elastin. Industries are commercial enterprises by mean of which people make money. We r ange to see them in a big scale like the music constancy. Where the profit motive is of the smallest significance, arent referred to as industries. The obvious implication of describing sun-tanning as industry is that its practitioners are only interested in profiting from their clients gullibility. anterior we asked to feel sympathetic towards Jane Horwood suffering and were asked to understand that for her fetching that wise decision, to end her habit. On the other get hold of Victoria Williams seems childish and selfish I treasured that heat and warmth on my body. In the final paragraph the writer completely ridicules the ideas of suntanning.Who says tanning isnt trendy? is, perhaps, another dig aimed at the people of the media, especially those who are advertising the industry. faithful implies that those who carry on suntanning are aware of the dangers. It seemed his tough outdoor tan was indoor variety accuse the ex political leader of using sunbeds to legislate a fals e impression of his life to the public. It make you look wealthier, like you can afford weak holidays seems false and unfashionably materialistic set against own background. Essex homophile is a term of abuse- it reminds us of sub-human species associated with a particular 1980s stereotype, the selfish individual concerned only with himself and what he can get his work force on.This is a very cleverly written piece, in which the writer has matched their tone to their readership without compromising the sincerity and, ultimately, the force of their feeling. This however cant be coincidence. Barking, Echoes the phrase, barking mad and leave s in doubt how the writer feels about tanorexics. It can refer back to the Essex ManThere no attempt at truth in this piece, there is no balance of opinions, so asking the reader to draw their conclusions. The writer does have a point to make and scarcely attempts that there might be together points of view. Counter argument, when they appear , tend to be ridiculed, We probably havent well-educated anything new about suntanning, perhaps little in those who indulger in it, but the pieces might be considered as being amusing.